
With temperatures climbing into the 90s in May and wildfire smoke already fouling air quality in some areas of the Northwest, RANGE wanted to learn more about what this unseasonably warm weather means for the rest of summer, the risks of heat-related illness in our community and the role climate change plays in driving extreme weather.
So, RANGE reached out to Brian G. Henning, the Director of Gonzaga Center for Climate, Society, and the Environment and a professor of Philosophy and Environmental Studies at Gonzaga University.
You’ll hear Henning talk about the importance of a healthy urban canopy — a dense urban canopy — to reduce what scientists call heat islands. Heat islands are hotspots in cities where rather than sunlight being absorbed by trees and used to power photosynthesis, which creates oxygen, and keeps ground temperatures cool, there are fewer or perhaps zero trees. So the heat reaches the ground, is absorbed by the concrete and asphalt, and that heat radiates, creating temperatures that are 14 degrees hotter in say, Hillyard than the tree-lined streets of the South Hill.
Trees in Spokane will not fix climate change. Climate change is a global crisis that will require a global solution. But trees can help mitigate the local effects of that global crisis. And we need to do it now, because trees don’t grow to maturity over night.
So then the obvious question is: what can we do today to help our neighbors survive and make our neighborhoods more resilient while we wait 20 years for that tree cover to grow? And, what other steps can we take?
Here’s some highlights from the interview, edited for clarity and length.
RANGE: Does this early season heat have any kind of predictive quality for the rest of the summer? Should we expect a really hot summer because it's been so hot this spring?
Brian Henning: It's not clear that we should infer anything from this period of high heat.
But if we put this summer, and the last few summers that we've had in the context of the last few decades, we see that the frequency of these [extreme heat] events are increasing. And, that's really concerning.
If listeners are interested in learning more about those long-term forecasts for our region there's a great website that community members created called Spokane Climate Project. There’s also a really great 20 minute documentary made by local filmmaker Megan Kennedy there.
There's a section on temperature there and they used these climate models to be able to evaluate what might happen at lower and higher emission scenarios for our region, specifically regarding temperature. And we see that we've already had about one degree Fahrenheit of warming so far in our area. Depending on what we do, we'll have more increases in temperatures moving into the rest of this century.
RANGE: A focus of Gonzaga’s climate center has been studying the 2021 heat dome, when temperatures were above 110 degrees fahrenheit. Can you share some of the key findings of that project?
BH: The 2021 heat dome was the most deadly weather event in Washington state history. It killed over 119 people statewide and killed 19 community members in Spokane. So, we realized what we could do is to help the community understand exactly the full magnitude impact of that event.
And so listeners can learn a little bit about what we've found by going to gonzaga.edu/beattheheat
One of the things we hoped to do, was help the community understand it wasn't just the 19 people who died… those 19 people were like the tip of an iceberg. Underwater what we have is this huge number of people that were also impacted but we didn't really see them and understand how big that iceberg was.
So we started working with the Washington State Department of Health to learn about who went to emergency rooms in our county during that heat wave in 2021. What we found was that emergency room visits in the June and July period of 2021 were six to seven times higher than in 2020 —- 293 people visited the emergency department at the hospital in Spokane County in the month of June and July in 2021, where a typical number would be in the 30 to 40-person range.
Part of our goal was to help the community understand just how many people are impacted. I's not merely the unhoused population, who of course are very impacted by these events, it's actually people who are elderly, people with preexisting health conditions, people who have to work outdoors — landscapers and roofers and people working in agricultural industries, people who are in sports industries have to work outside — and that could be dangerous women who are pregnant.
There's all sorts of members [impacted by extreme heat] in our community, and that's important to know because we can't seek the right kind of solutions if we don't know exactly who's being impacted.
Check out the Spokane Beat the Heat initiative here.
RANGE: Another recent project the the Gonzaga Climate Center has partnered on tracks heat disparities across Spokane, can you talk about some of those results?
BH: We started working with a group of partners in the city including City Council The Lands Council, 350 Spokane and Kris Crocker, the chief meteorologist at KXLY.
We received a small grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to map what's called Urban Heat Islands — this idea that heat isn't evenly distributed in a city — that places with less tree canopy, less green space and or more roads, more buildings will retain heat differently. We knew this principle was true, but we didn't know for our community exactly where these urban heat islands are and how big they are.
We did this fun partnership in 2022 … 40 volunteers drove routes in the early morning, in the afternoon, and then the evening across the city with this special sensor out their window that measured temperature and humidity every second.
The results were really interesting because in the early morning, what we found was that the places along the river in particular shed their heat overnight and places like East Central didn't nearly as much. In fact, there was as much as a 13.9 degree difference between the river and East Central.
If you think about East Central… it's got the freeway running through it, it's got the railroad running through it and it's got large industrial buildings and so the are all retaining a lot of heat.
RANGE: It was also historically redlined.
BH: That's exactly right. We gathered this urban heat island information, so now we know where [the heat islands] are and how big they are. Then we worked with the Department of Health to bring in the demographic information.
What we found in this correlation analysis that we published is that there were no strong correlations between urban heat islands and age and English proficiency. But, there were very strong statistical correlations between those urban heat islands and income and whether or not you identified as Black or Indigenous.
Statistically, it's more likely that you're going to live in this place that has less tree cover and higher concentrations of heat if you are living below the poverty line or you're not white.
And that's significant information. That tells us who's most impacted and therefore what we should be doing to help the people who are most impacted.
RANGE: What are some of the ways on a community-level that we can respond and adapt to a changing climate?
BH: We need to figure out how to become resilient to the changes that we're causing. There are a lot of things we can do, and the city is doing, that make a lot of sense.
We're creating and staffing good places that people can escape the heat. We have these beautiful libraries that the community has decided to fund. And so people can go to the library, read a book, and ride out the heat. We have community centers that are these great places that people can go. Spokane Transit Authority has been a great partner. Starting last year, they provided free rides to low-income residents to cooling centers so that if they needed a way to get there, they would provide the means.
Long-term we need to make sure that we're prioritizing those communities who need more green space. What's neat is that the Urban Heat Island mapping project is providing the data that the parks department and the urban Forestry Department needs. In collaboration with the Lands Council, the SpoCanopy Project, is going out into the community and planting trees.
Now, we know exactly which communities need it most and first.